Manipur Government Plans to Spend 11 Crores on Building Camps for Insurgents: A Step Towards Peace

In a significant development in Manipur’s political and security landscape, the state government has announced the construction of two designated camps to accommodate 416 cadres of the United National Liberation Front (UNLF). This decision follows the peace agreement signed on November 29, 2023, between the UNLF, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs, and the Manipur government. The move is seen as part of a broader effort to rehabilitate former insurgents and integrate them into mainstream society. However, the plan has sparked tensions among different ethnic communities, particularly the Kuki-Zo tribes, who oppose the location of these camps in their areas.

Background of the UNLF and the Peace Agreement

The United National Liberation Front (UNLF) is Manipur’s oldest Meitei insurgent group, established in 1964 with the objective of securing an independent Manipur. For decades, the group was involved in armed struggles against the Indian government, demanding sovereignty for the Meitei people. However, as the security situation in the Northeast changed and insurgent groups faced increasing pressure from security forces, peace negotiations became a viable alternative.

After years of informal talks, a formal agreement was reached in November 2023, marking a historic moment for peace in the region. Under the pact, UNLF cadres agreed to lay down arms in exchange for rehabilitation, skill development, and reintegration into society. The Indian government, as well as the Manipur state administration, committed to ensuring their safe transition from insurgents to productive citizens.

Details of the Camps and Government Investment

To facilitate the integration of the surrendered militants, the Manipur government has allocated ₹11 crore to build two designated camps. The camps will provide essential facilities such as housing, vocational training, and basic amenities for the UNLF cadres. These initiatives aim to provide them with employment opportunities, ultimately ensuring they do not return to armed rebellion.

Ethnic Tensions and Opposition to the Camps

While the initiative is intended to promote peace, it has sparked strong opposition, particularly from the United Kuki National Army (UKNA) and other Kuki-Zo tribal organizations. They have objected to the government’s decision to establish these camps in Kuki-dominated areas, viewing it as an injustice to their communities, which have suffered violence in the ongoing ethnic conflict between Meiteis and Kukis.

The Kuki-Zo community fears that hosting surrendered Meitei militants could lead to further security risks and heighten ethnic tensions that have already resulted in significant violence and displacement in Manipur. Since May 2023, the state has witnessed clashes between the majority Meitei population and the Kuki-Zo tribes, leading to the deaths of over 200 people and the displacement of thousands.

UKNA has vowed to resist the government's plan, calling it a "threat to Kuki lands" and warning of potential unrest if the authorities proceed without addressing the concerns of the tribal population.

Government’s Justification and Response

The Manipur government has defended its decision, stating that the establishment of these camps is a key part of the peace process and a necessary step towards ending insurgency in the state. Officials argue that:

1. Rehabilitation of ex-militants is crucial for long-term peace – Without structured reintegration, former insurgents could return to armed struggle.
2. The camps will be monitored and regulated – Security measures will be in place to ensure that no criminal or violent activities occur inside the camps.
3. Economic benefits – Training programs will enable former rebels to find jobs and contribute to the state’s economy rather than relying on underground networks for survival.

Despite these assurances, the government faces an uphill task in convincing the Kuki-Zo community and ensuring that the peace process does not create new divisions.

Implications for Manipur’s Future

The decision to build camps for insurgents has wider implications for the political and security stability of Manipur:

1. Will the peace deal hold? – If the government successfully integrates UNLF cadres into civilian life, it could set a precedent for future peace talks with other insurgent groups.
2. Ethnic divisions may deepen – If the Kuki-Zo community continues to feel sidelined, tensions between the Meitei and Kuki populations could escalate further.
3. Security Concerns – The presence of surrendered militants in volatile areas may require continuous surveillance and monitoring to prevent conflicts.

The Manipur government’s decision to build camps for surrendered UNLF insurgents is a bold step towards peace but also a highly controversial one. While it aims to rehabilitate former rebels and reduce insurgency, it risks exacerbating existing ethnic tensions in the state. To ensure success, the government must address the concerns of all communities, maintain strict security measures, and provide a transparent and inclusive rehabilitation process.

Only time will tell whether this initiative ushers in a new era of peace in Manipur.

Timeline of President's rules in Manipur's History

Timeline of President's Rule in Manipur

Manipur

Here is a timeline of President’s Rule in Manipur throughout its history:

1st President’s Rule (1967)

• Duration: 12 January 1967 – 19 March 1967
• Reason: Political instability and failure to form a government.

2nd President’s Rule (1967–1968)

• Duration: 25 October 1967 – 18 February 1968
• Reason: Continued political instability.

3rd President’s Rule (1969–1972)

• Duration: 17 October 1969 – 21 January 1972
• Reason: Law and order issues and administrative challenges.
• Outcome: Manipur attained full statehood on 21 January 1972.

4th President’s Rule (1973–1974)

• Duration: 28 March 1973 – 3 March 1974
• Reason: Political instability and inability to form a stable government.

5th President’s Rule (1977)

• Duration: 16 May 1977 – 28 June 1977
• Reason: Collapse of the government due to defections.

6th President’s Rule (1979–1980)

• Duration: 14 November 1979 – 13 January 1980
• Reason: Political crisis and government instability.

7th President’s Rule (1981)

• Duration: 28 February 1981 – 18 June 1981
• Reason: Political instability leading to the dismissal of the government.

8th President’s Rule (1992)

• Duration: 7 January 1992 – 7 April 1992
• Reason: Political turmoil and failure to maintain a stable government.

9th President’s Rule (1993–1994)

• Duration: 31 December 1993 – 13 December 1994
• Reason: Insurgency and breakdown of law and order.

10th President’s Rule (2001–2002)

• Duration: 2 June 2001 – 6 March 2002
• Reason: Political turmoil and instability in the state government.

11th President’s Rule (2025–Present)

• Duration: 13 February 2025 – Present
• Reason: Escalating ethnic violence between the Meitei and Kuki communities, resulting in over 250 deaths and displacement of thousands. The resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh amid the crisis led to the imposition of direct federal control. As of February 15, 2025, Manipur is under President's Rule for the eleventh time due to ongoing ethnic violence and political instability.

The recent unrest began in May 2023, with clashes between the Meitei and Kuki communities over issues such as economic benefits and land rights. Despite efforts to restore peace, sporadic attacks continued, leading to significant loss of life and property. The situation was further aggravated by the infiltration of militants from Myanmar, bringing advanced weaponry into the region.

In December 2024, Chief Minister N. Biren Singh apologized for the prolonged unrest and expressed hope for a return to normalcy. However, the violence persisted, leading to the federal government's decision to impose President's Rule in February 2025.

What is a President's Rule, and What happens in a President's Rule of India?

 

Manipur, located in North-East India is under President's Rule

What is President's Rule?

President's Rule, also known as State Emergency or Article 356, is a provision in the Indian Constitution that allows the central government to take direct control of a state when its constitutional machinery breaks down. It is imposed by the President of India on the advice of the Union Cabinet.

When is President’s Rule Imposed?

President's Rule can be imposed under Article 356 in the following situations:

1. Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery – If the Governor of the state reports that the government is unable to function according to the Constitution.
2. Failure to Form a Government – If no party or coalition can form a government after elections.
3. Loss of Majority – If the ruling party loses its majority and no alternative government can be formed.
4. Failure to Follow Constitutional Provisions – If the state government acts against the Constitution of India.
5. Disturbances in Law and Order – If there is violence, riots, or internal disturbances that prevent normal governance.

What Happens During President’s Rule?

1. State Government is Dismissed – The Chief Minister and Council of Ministers are removed.
2. Legislative Assembly is Dissolved or Suspended – The state legislature stops functioning.
3. Governor Takes Over – The Governor, appointed by the President, runs the state with the help of advisors or bureaucrats.
4. Parliament Exercises Legislative Powers – The Parliament of India makes laws for the state.
5. Duration – Initially imposed for six months, but can be extended up to three years with Parliament's approval every six months.

How is President’s Rule Revoked?

• It can be revoked anytime by the President if normalcy is restored.
• If a new government is formed in the state, President’s Rule is lifted.
• The Supreme Court and High Courts can review and revoke it if it is misused.

Criticism and Misuse

• Misused for Political Gains – Many times, central governments have imposed President’s Rule to remove opposition-led state governments.
• Weakens Federalism – It reduces the autonomy of states.
• Judicial Safeguards – The Supreme Court (S.R. Bommai Case, 1994) ruled that judicial review is allowed to prevent misuse.

Recent Developments

On February 9, 2025, Chief Minister N. Biren Singh resigned amid mounting pressure from opposition groups and internal allies. His resignation came ahead of a legislative assembly session where a no-confidence motion was anticipated. Following the resignation and the inability to establish a consensus on a successor, the Indian federal government imposed President's Rule on February 13, 2025. As of February 14, 2025, the northeastern Indian state of Manipur is under President's Rule following significant political upheaval and prolonged ethnic violence. The situation remains dynamic, and further developments are anticipated as the central administration implements strategies to resolve the crisis.

Use of Smuggled Starlink Devices in Manipur: A Growing Security Concern

Starlink Constellation of Satellites in the sky

Manipur, a northeastern state of India, has been experiencing prolonged ethnic violence, political instability, and security challenges. Amid the ongoing conflict between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities, reports have surfaced that smuggled Starlink satellite internet devices are being used by militant groups to bypass government-imposed internet shutdowns. This development has raised concerns over national security, digital surveillance, and the role of advanced technology in aiding insurgent activities.

Background: Internet Shutdowns in Manipur

Since May 2023, the government of Manipur has frequently imposed internet shutdowns to curb the spread of misinformation, prevent the coordination of violent activities, and maintain law and order. While these restrictions aimed to control unrest, they also severely impacted civilian communication, businesses, and access to essential services. However, despite these stringent measures, insurgent groups have managed to stay connected using alternative means.

Smuggling of Starlink Devices

Starlink, a satellite-based internet service operated by SpaceX, provides high-speed internet access even in remote and conflict-ridden areas. Although Starlink is not officially available in India, reports suggest that these devices have been smuggled in from Myanmar, where the service is legally operational. Militants and other groups in Manipur have allegedly acquired these devices through black-market networks, enabling them to bypass the government’s internet shutdowns.

Starlink Antenna

Starlink Device being smuggled - illustration purpose only.

The smuggling process involves several illicit networks operating along the India-Myanmar border. Given the porous nature of this border, traffickers and insurgents exploit hidden routes to transport Starlink terminals and accessories into Manipur. These devices are reportedly sourced from regions in Myanmar where Starlink is widely used, often through underground traders who operate within insurgent-controlled areas. Additionally, some reports suggest that intermediaries, including local sympathizers and tech-savvy operatives, play a crucial role in setting up and distributing the equipment. These networks employ clandestine methods, such as using unregistered vehicles, disguising equipment within legal shipments, and leveraging corrupt border officials to facilitate their movement.

Authorities believe that the demand for these devices has increased, with militants willing to pay a premium for uninterrupted and undetectable internet access. The illegal distribution of Starlink kits has made it difficult for security forces to track insurgent communications, further complicating efforts to maintain control over the region’s security situation.

How Starlink is Being Used

The use of Starlink devices by insurgents has significantly altered the digital communication landscape in Manipur. Some key applications of these devices include:

• Encrypted Communications: Militant groups are reportedly using Starlink to establish secure, encrypted communication channels, making it difficult for security forces to intercept their conversations.
• Coordination of Attacks: By leveraging uninterrupted internet access, insurgent groups can effectively plan and execute coordinated attacks across different locations.
• Dissemination of Propaganda: Social media and online platforms have been used to spread information, mobilize supporters, and influence public perception.
• Avoidance of Surveillance: Traditional internet connections can be monitored by government agencies, but satellite-based networks operate independently, making tracking efforts more complex.

Security and Legal Implications

The use of smuggled Starlink devices in Manipur poses several critical challenges for national security and law enforcement agencies:

1. Evasion of Government Control: Internet shutdowns are rendered ineffective if groups can access independent satellite networks.
2. Increased Militancy Threat: Advanced communication tools give insurgent factions a tactical edge over security forces.
3. Cybersecurity Risks: The inability to monitor digital activity in insurgent-controlled areas could lead to data breaches and other cyber threats.
4. Violation of Indian Telecommunications Laws: The unauthorized import and use of foreign satellite communication devices violate existing regulations.

Government Response

The Indian government is reportedly considering multiple countermeasures to address this issue:

• Legalizing and Regulating Starlink: One approach being discussed is permitting Starlink to operate legally in India under strict regulatory supervision.
• Crackdown on Smuggling Networks: Authorities are intensifying border security and surveillance to prevent the illegal import of satellite internet devices.
• Technological Countermeasures: Efforts are being made to develop technology that can detect and disrupt unauthorized satellite communications.

The smuggling and use of Starlink devices in Manipur highlight the growing intersection of technology and security threats in conflict zones. While satellite internet offers significant benefits in terms of connectivity, its misuse by insurgent groups poses a serious challenge for law enforcement. The Indian government must balance technological advancements with national security concerns, ensuring that such innovations do not fall into the wrong hands. Addressing this issue will require a combination of policy changes, stricter enforcement, and strategic technological interventions.

King Kulachandra of Manipur: A Forgotten Monarch of Resistance and Resilience

Mount Manipur in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

King Kulachandra Singh of Manipur was a significant yet often overlooked figure in the history of North-East India. His reign (1890–1891) was brief but crucial, marked by internal conflicts and external threats. His most defining moment came during the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891, which led to the annexation of Manipur by the British. Despite his valiant efforts, Kulachandra's legacy remains overshadowed by the broader colonial narrative. It is time to revisit his contributions and acknowledge his role in shaping Manipur's history.

The Tumultuous Ascension to the Throne

King Kulachandra ascended the throne of Manipur in 1890 amidst a turbulent political landscape. The Manipuri kingdom was internally divided, with rival factions vying for control. The ousting of his predecessor, Maharaja Surchandra, led to a power struggle that culminated in Kulachandra's coronation. However, his position remained precarious, with the British closely monitoring developments in the region.

The Anglo-Manipur War of 1891: A Defining Moment

One of the most pivotal events in King Kulachandra’s reign was the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891. The British, under Chief Commissioner James Wallace Quinton, sought to impose their authority over Manipur by demanding the removal of Senapati Tikendrajit, Kulachandra's brother and a key military leader. The Manipuris resisted, leading to the execution of Quinton and other British officials in March 1891. This act of defiance provoked a full-scale British invasion.

Despite being outnumbered and facing superior weaponry, the Manipuri forces, under Tikendrajit’s command, put up a fierce resistance. However, the British eventually overpowered them, capturing key strongholds and effectively bringing Manipur under colonial rule.

The Aftermath: Exile and Erasure

Following the British victory, Kulachandra and several other leaders were captured. While Tikendrajit and a few others were executed, Kulachandra was exiled to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands along with other royal officials. This exile effectively removed him from Manipur’s political landscape, and the British installed a puppet ruler, further consolidating their control. Mount Harriet, the third-highest island peak in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, served as the site of imprisonment for Maharaja Kulachandra Singh and 22 other freedom fighters during the Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891.

Legacy and Reappraisal

King Kulachandra's role in resisting British imperialism has often been overlooked in mainstream historical narratives. While Tikendrajit is widely celebrated as a martyr, Kulachandra’s contributions remain underappreciated. His leadership during the war and the sacrifices he endured in exile exemplify his resilience and commitment to Manipur’s sovereignty.

In a tribute to their sacrifice, the Union government of India, in 2021, has renamed Mount Harriet to Mount Manipur. Additionally, Manipur commemorates Khongjom Day on 23rd April every year to honor the freedom fighters of the Anglo-Manipuri War.

Today, there is a growing movement to recognize and honor King Kulachandra’s contributions. Scholars and historians are revisiting his legacy, ensuring that his role in the Anglo-Manipur War and his subsequent suffering are not forgotten. The people of Manipur continue to draw inspiration from his resistance against colonial oppression.

Conclusion

King Kulachandra of Manipur was a ruler caught in the storm of history. His tenure was marked by internal strife and external aggression, culminating in a war that changed the fate of Manipur forever. Though he spent his final years in exile, his defiance against British imperialism cements his place in history as a symbol of resistance. It is essential that his story be remembered and taught, ensuring that future generations recognize the sacrifices made in the fight for sovereignty and self-determination.

Moirangthem Loiya: The Visionary Behind Punshilok, Manipur’s Rejuvenated Forest

    Moirangthem Loiya, a name synonymous with ecological restoration and environmental stewardship, has become an icon of hope and perseverance in Manipur. His transformative work at Punshilok—a 300-acre lush forest nestled in the Maru Langol hill range near Imphal—stands as a testament to the power of individual initiative and community-driven conservation.

(Photo: Punshilok: The Spring of Life (MyGov Manipur))

The Journey to Punshilok

    The journey of Moirangthem Loiya began in the early 2000s when he left his bustling urban life to reconnect with nature. Witnessing the rampant deforestation and environmental degradation in Manipur, he was inspired to take action. In 2002, he discovered a barren stretch of land in the Maru Langol hill range. Despite the daunting challenges, Loiya envisioned transforming this wasteland into a thriving forest and named it “Punshilok,” which means "Spring of Life" in the Meitei language.

Restoring the Forest

    With unwavering determination, Moirangthem Loiya began the arduous process of reforestation. Over the years, he planted countless saplings, introducing native and diverse plant species to recreate a natural ecosystem. The once-barren land is now a flourishing forest with over 250 plant species, including 30 varieties of bamboo and 20 types of orchids.

(Photo: Punshilok: The Spring of Life (MyGov Manipur))

    Loiya’s efforts have also made Punshilok a haven for wildlife. The forest is home to barking deer, porcupines, marbled cats, and various bird species. This biodiversity hotspot exemplifies how dedication and sustainable practices can revive degraded ecosystems.

Community Involvement and WAHPS

    Understanding that long-term conservation requires collective effort, Moirangthem Loiya established the Wildlife and Habitat Protection Society (WAHPS). This organization involves local communities in forest conservation and educates them about the importance of preserving natural habitats. WAHPS has been instrumental in safeguarding Punshilok and fostering a sense of shared responsibility for its future.

Google Maps: WAHPS

Challenges and Achievements

    Restoring Punshilok was no easy feat. Loiya faced numerous challenges, including limited resources, resistance from local landowners, and the threat of illegal logging. However, his resilience and passion for the environment helped him overcome these obstacles. His work has been widely recognized, earning accolades from environmental organizations and inspiring similar conservation initiatives across the region.

A Model for Conservation

    Punshilok is more than just a forest; it is a living example of ecological restoration and sustainable conservation. The success of this initiative has inspired countless individuals and communities to take action in preserving and restoring their natural environment. Loiya’s story highlights the impact one person can have in combating environmental degradation and promoting harmony between humans and nature.

Conclusion

    Moirangthem Loiya’s dedication to reviving Punshilok serves as a beacon of hope in an era of environmental challenges. His work reminds us that with vision, perseverance, and collective effort, it is possible to heal our planet and leave a legacy of life and growth for future generations. Punshilok stands as a testament to the indomitable spirit of an individual who dared to dream of a greener tomorrow.

Punshilok - The Spring of Life

    Punshilok, meaning "Spring of Life" in the Meitei language, is a flourishing forest located in the Maru Langol Hill range near Imphal, Manipur. This 300-acre area was transformed from barren land into a verdant forest through the dedicated efforts of Moirangthem Loiya and the Wildlife and Habitat Protection Society (WAHPS) since 2002.

Moirangthem Loiya
(Photo: Punshilok: The Spring of Life (MyGov Manipur))

Mongabay India

    The forest now boasts over 250 plant species, including around 30 species of bamboo and 20 species of orchids. It has become a sanctuary for various wildlife, such as barking deer, marbled cats, and porcupines.

The Sangai Express

    Punshilok has gained popularity among nature enthusiasts and hikers. However, to protect its delicate ecosystem, the Forest Department has restricted access, requiring visitors to obtain permission before entry.

The Sangai Express

    The transformation of Punshilok stands as a testament to community-driven conservation efforts, showcasing the potential for ecological restoration through dedication and sustainable practices.

For a visual insight into Punshilok and its transformation, you might find this YouTube video informative:

Plan your visit here on Google Maps Location: Click Here

Licypriya Kangujam: A Young Voice Against Global Warming and Her Connection to East Timor

    Licypriya Kangujam, a young climate activist from Manipur, India, has emerged as a global symbol of hope and action in the fight against climate change. Despite her young age, Licypriya has garnered international recognition for her passionate advocacy for environmental sustainability and urgent measures to combat global warming.

Early Beginnings and Rise as an Activist

    Born on October 2, 2011, Licypriya’s journey as a climate crusader began at the tender age of six. Inspired by global climate activists and driven by the worsening environmental crises around her, she took bold steps to raise awareness and demand action. Her efforts aim to address the catastrophic effects of global warming, which threaten ecosystems, livelihoods, and communities worldwide.

Efforts to Combat Global Warming

    Licypriya’s activism focuses on urging governments, policymakers, and individuals to take proactive measures to mitigate climate change. Her key initiatives include:

1. Climate Literacy Programs: She advocates for including climate change education in school curricula, empowering young minds to understand and act against global warming.

2. Campaign for Policy Changes: Licypriya has spoken at various international forums, including the United Nations, emphasizing the need for stricter environmental regulations and the transition to renewable energy sources.

3. Child Movement for Climate Justice: She founded The Child Movement, an organization that amplifies the voices of young people demanding climate justice and sustainable practices.

Iconic Achievements

    One of her notable contributions is the invention of the "SUKIFU" (Survival Kit for the Future), a portable device designed to provide fresh air in polluted environments. This innovative tool reflects her deep concern for the health impacts of pollution and her commitment to finding practical solutions.

    Licypriya’s relentless efforts have earned her numerous accolades, including recognition from international organizations and global leaders. Her courage and determination inspire millions to take action against climate change.

Connection to East Timor

    Licypriya shares a unique bond with East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste. In 2019, she visited the country to participate in environmental awareness programs and collaborate with local communities on climate resilience initiatives. During her time there, she emphasized the importance of collective action in addressing global warming, particularly for small and vulnerable nations like East Timor that are disproportionately affected by climate change.

    Her connection to East Timor extends beyond her environmental advocacy. She has worked with local leaders and organizations to promote sustainable practices, bringing global attention to the environmental challenges faced by the nation. Her efforts have helped bridge communities and foster a shared commitment to combating climate change.

Recent Achievement

On Dec 28th, 2024, Licypriya Kangujam received Mohammed Rafi Award at Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi from Chief Justice Karpaga Vinayagam (Retd.) in an event organized by Pathfinder Club of India .

The Future of Climate Advocacy

    As Licypriya continues her journey, her vision for a greener and more sustainable future remains steadfast. She calls on governments and individuals to act decisively, urging collective efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect biodiversity, and ensure a livable planet for future generations.

Conclusion

    Licypriya Kangujam’s unwavering dedication to controlling global warming and her impactful connection with East Timor illustrate the power of youth in shaping a better world. Her work transcends borders, inspiring a global movement to tackle climate change with urgency and resilience. As she continues to amplify her voice, Licypriya reminds us all that age is no barrier to making a difference and that the time to act is now.